BIOPESTICIDES--NEEM AND OTHER BOTANICALS
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It is estimated that one third of the world agricultural production is destroyed by  20,000 species of field and storage pests.The synthetic pesticides are widely used now due to their effectiveness, relatively long shelf life,ease  with which they can be transported, stored and sprayed.However ,they cause serious problems. The First problem is toxicity. It is estimated that  three million cases of pesticide poisining each year,   20,000 of  which prove  fatal. Pollution  of soil, water and air , health hazards to human beings,live stock  and in fact pollution of the environment  is the second major probelm.Development of pest resistance and  resurgence, necessitating to use larger and repeated dose,escalating the cost to farmers and environmental  hazards is the third biggest problem.
                                                       Thus alternative low-cost pest and disease control, environmental friendly options are urgently needed. Plant materials  which have selective toxicity  towards pests (often called botanical pesticides)
which could be harvested,suitably standardised and formulated is the need of the hour. In fact till recently farmers of Indian and Asian countries were well acquainted with these botanical  pesticides, although they lost touch with 

traditional methods with invasion of  the synthetic pesticides .These botanical pesticides largely remain unknown to the western farmer.
                                                   Therotically, any plant species not attacked by a specific pest could provide a biopestcide  to control that  pest on other crops. This does not  have killing action but may have repellent, insect –antifeedant,Insect Growth Regulation (IGR), ovi positional deterrent and prevention of egg hatchability etc. The potential for discovering much needed botanical pesticides is vast, since chemical and biological  studies are not much  devoted towards this aspect.
                                                       At least  2000 plants are known to have pesticidal activity.Among them neem, Azadirachta Indica ranks first. Azadirachtin is the most active principle in neem. Azadirachtin along with 15 other closely related  compounds exert diverse pesticidal properties like repellent, antifeedant and insect growth regulatory  activity. Its leaves, bark and seed are reported to have pesticidal properties. Commercially used  product is, its seeds and oil. Azadirachtin is isolated from seeds, its kernel or oil. Neem formulations  with azadirachtin content ranging  from 300 to 5000ppm  are now commercially available in india, USA and other countries.
Chrysanthemum cinerarifolium (pyrethrum) flower heads elaborate  pyrethrins (a mixture of closely related compounds). It is also well known botanical  pesticide, available in many countries.Derris elliptica (derris) root is primary source of rotenone. Its insecticidal properties  are  well known in many countries, used  against variety of  insects and nemtodes.
Yet there are  many plant material   in  a typical country like India,whose pesticidal properties are not well exploited. Although  many pure chemical  compounds were  isolated from these plants but entomological and field studies are  lacking. The  list of such plants  include:

1.Annona squamosa (seeds,leaves)
2.Tephrosia purpurea (pods,roots)
3.Tephrosia villosa (pods,roots)
4.Pongamia pinnata (leaves and seeds)
5.Lantana camara (leaves,stems and flowers)
6.Ocimum sanctum (holybasil, leaves, whole plant)
7.Vitex negundo (leaves)
8.Zinziber officinale (rhizome)
9.Curcuma longa (rhizome)
10.Acorus calmus (rhizome)
11.Allium sativum (garlic,bulbs).
12.Allium cepa (onion bulbs).

Botanical pestcides do not produce knock down effect on insects. The insect population get reduced after spraying.  Good results will be obtained if  botanical pesticide  is sprayed as prophylactic agents. 


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Also visit  to know more about  Neem           http://www.neem.biz

An estimated 80% of the medicaments in developing countries are derived from plants. 
 

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