THE  EARLIER  EXAMPLES OF WESTERN  MEDICINE  HAD  THE  INFLUENCE  OF PLANT MEDICINES  USED  IN  ANCIENT  TIMES. CURRENT EXAMPLES ARE, THE USE OF THE CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES  FROM  THE  PURPLE  FOXGLOVE, DIGITALIS PURPUREA,MORPHINE AND OPIATES FROM POPPY,PAPAVER SOMNIFERUM, RESERPINE  FROM  RAUvOLFIA SERPENTINA AND  QUININE FROM CINCHONA OFFICINALIS. MORE RECENTLY VINCRISTINE FROM CATHARANTHUS ROSEUS AND TAXOL FROM TAXUS BACCATA WERE INTRODUCED AS DRUGS FOR THE TREATMENT OF CANCER.

                                     ARTEMISININ  IS AN  ACTIVE  ANTIMALARIAL COMPOUND  ISOLATED  FROM ARTEMISIA  ANNUA.   THIS PLANT  HAS  BEEN  IN  USE  IN  CHINA  AS  AN  ANTIMALARIAL  AGENT UNDER  THE  NAME  QINGHAOSER.  A NEW   STANDARDIZED  PREPARATION, ARTIMETHER, A STRUCTURAL  MODIFICATION  OF  ARTEMESININ, HAS  BEEN RECENTLY BEEN INTRODUCED FOR THE  TREATMENT  OF  DRUG-RESISTANT  MALARIA.
                                            PLANT  PRODUCTS   ARE ALSO USEFUL AS  STARTING  MATERIALS  FOR SEMI-SYNTHETIC  PREPARATIONS  OF  OTHER  DRUGS.  DIOSGENIN  FROM  SEVERAL  SPECIES OF YAMS, SISAL  LEAVES, AGAVE SPECIES  , ARE  THE  SOURCE   FOR   STEROIDS, WHICH  ARE  THE STARTING  MATERIALS  FOR  CONTRACEPTIVES  AND  STEROIDAL  HARMONES.
                                               NATURAL  PRODUCTS  SERVE  AS  A  LEAD  MOLECULES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT  OF  MANY  POPULAR  DRUGS,   EXAMPLES ARE CHLOROQUINE AND QUINOLONE ANTIBACTERIALS (LIKE  CIPROFLOXACIN) FOR WHICH  THE  LEAD  MOLECULE  IS  QUININE.

                                                 NATURAL  PRODUCTS  HAVE  ALSO  BEEN  USED  AS  AGRO-CHEMICALS TO  CONTROL  PESTS  ON  CROPS. THE  PYRETHROIDS  ISOLATED  FROM  THE  FLOWERS OF CHRYSANTHEMUM  CINERARIFOLIUM   HAVE  BEEN  KNOWN  AS   INSECTICIDES  SINCE  AT LEAST 200 YEARS.NEEM (AZADIRACHTA INDICA  SEEDS)  IS  RECENTLY  EMERGED AS  ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFE  PESTICIDE.  AZADIRACHTIN  IS  THE  ACTIVE  PRINCIPLE.  ROTENONE   FROM DERRIS ELLIPTICA  ROOT AND NICOTINE  FROM  NICOTIANA  TABACUM  WERE  AT  ONE  TIME  EXTENSIVELY  USED AS  INSECTICIDE. HOWEVER, THEIR  USE  IS  RELEGATED  WITH   THE  ADVENT OF  THE  INTRODUCTION  OF  SYNTHETIC  PESTICIDES  DURING  1940’S.

                                                       MICROORGANISMS  HAVE  BEEN  EXTENSIVELY  SCREENED  FOR ANTIBIOTICS  SINCE   THE  DISCOVERY  OF  PENCILLIN  FROM  PENCILLIUM NOTATUM BY ALEXANDER FLEMING.  GRIESOFULVIN  AND  CEPHALOSPORIN-C ARE  THE  ANTIBIOTICS DEVELOPED  FROM  SOME  FUNGAL  STRAINS. 
                                                             HARMONES  SUCH  AS  BOVINE  AND  PORCINE  INSULINS AND HUMAN  GROWTH  HARMONE  ARE  THE   EXCELLENT EXAMPLES OF THE  DRUGS  DERIVED  FROM ANIMALS.

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                                                             NATURAL  PRODUCTS AS  A  SOURCE OF  NEW  BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE   COMPOUNDS   DECLINED  AS  SYNTHETIC  ORGANIC  CHEMISTRY  EXPANDED   ITS   HORIZON.  NEVERTHELESS  NATURAL  PRODUCTS  CONTINUE  TO  FORM  SIGNIFICANT  AMOUNT OF  DRUGS IN  THE  CURRENT  USE  AND  OF  THOSE  UNDER CURRENT  RESEARCHES. IT  HAS BEEN  ESTIMATED THAT  56% OF  THE  LEAD   COMPOUNDS  FOR  MEDICINES, CITED  IN  BRITISH   NATIONAL FORMULARY, ARE  NATURAL  PRODUCTS  OR  DERIVED  FROM  NATURAL   PRODUCTS. TWO OF  THE  BEST   SELLING   DRUGS  - CAPTOPRIL  AND  ENALPRIL– RESULTED  FROM   THE  LEADS  PROVIDED FROM A   NATURAL  PRODUCT. BROAD  BASED  SCREENING  CAN DETECT  SEVERAL  NOVEL  PHYSIOLOGICAL   ACTIVITIES BUT  THE  DISCOVERY   IS  SLOW, EXPENSIVE AND  NOT  SUITED TO  SCREENING  A  LARGE  NUMBER  OF  SAMPLES.   HOWEVER, SIMPLER  DETECTION  OF  DEFINED ACTIVITIES,  SUCH  AS  ANTICANCER  PROPERTY  IS RELATIVELY  AN  EASY  PROCESS  SINCE         IN VITRO   SCREENING  METHODS  WERE  DEVELOPED BY   SEVERAL  INSTITUTES.

                               MORE  RECENTLY SCREENING  HAS  BEEN BASED ON BIOCHEMICAL  ASSAYS – SUCH AS  ENZYME INHIBITORS AND RECEPTOR-LIGAND BINDING ASSAYS.  WITH  THE  INCREASING AVAILABILITY OF HUMAN RECEPTORS FROM   MOLECULAR  CLONING, EXTRACTS  AND  COMPOUNDS CAN  BE TESTED FOR  THEIR  BINDING  DIRECTLY  TO  THE  PROTEINS. 

                           THERE  ARE  ESTIMATED TO BE  AT LEAST 2,50,000  SPECIES  OF  HIGHER PLANTS AND MOST OF THESE  HAVE NOT BEEN  TESTED  FOR  BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY.   AS PER  AN ESTIMATE OF WORLD WIDE  FUND (WWF)  FOR   NATURE .  AT  LEAST 50,000  SPECIES ARE BEING LOST ANNUALLY  BY  DESTRUCTION  OF NATURAL TROPICAL  FORESTS. MORE  EFFORTS ARE NECESSARY TO  PRESERVE  BIODIVERSITY.  IN DEVELOPED  COUNTRIES  LIKE  USA, UK, AND  GERMANY ETC. THERE IS  AN  INCREASE  IN THE  INTEREST  OF TRADITIONAL  PLANT MEDICINES, DUE TO  LESSER SIDE EFFECTS. 

                             THEREFORE,  EFFORTS SHOULD BE MADE   TO  EXTRACT CRUDE  PRODUCTS  FROM  PLANTS  BY  A SYSTEMATIC   PROTOCOL  METHODS, SUBJECT  THEM TO BIO-ACTIVITY GUIDED ISOLATION, ISOLATE  PURE  PRODUCTS AND ESTABLISH THEIR ACTIVITY.  THE PURE PRODUCTS  MAY BE USEFUL AS DRUGS AFTER TOXICOLOGICAL  AND  CLINICAL  STUDIES OR THEIR  STRUCTURE MAY SERVE AS A LEAD STRUCTURES TO DEVELOP  NEW  THERAUPEUTICALLY  ACTIVE  MOLECULES.

                               IN 1991, 42 NEW  AGENTS  WERE  INTRODUCED  TO  MEDICAL  PRACTICE  OF  WHICH  16 WERE NATURAL  PRODUCTS  OR  WERE  DERIVED  FROM NATURAL PRODUCTS.  SIMILARLY IN 1992, 43 NEW  CHEMICAL  ENTITIES  WERE  INTRODUCED AND 18  AMONG  THEM  WERE NATURAL  PRODUCTS OR THEIR DERIVATIVES  WITH  THE  DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNIQUES  OF  MOLECULAR  BIOLOGY, AN  EMERGING  AREA  OF  BIOTECHNOLOGY, THERE  HAS  BEEN  INCREASE  IN THE INTEREST IN THE USE OF NATURALLY
OCCURRING  PROTEINS AS  POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC AGENTS .  TISSUE  PLASMINOGEN  ACTIVATOR  IS  USED AS A THROMBOLYTIC AFTER MYCOCARDIAL INFRACTIONS, ERYTHROPOIETIN  IS USED  TO  TREAT  ANEMIA   ASSOCIATED WITH   RENAL  FAILURE  AND  SEVERAL COLONY -  STIMULATING   FACTORS FOR USE  IN   THE   CANCER TREATMENT.  THUS   BIOTECHNOLOGY  CONTRIBUTE  NEW   THERAPEUTIC   PROTEINS,  OLIGOSACCHARIDES  AND  PRODUCTS  FROM MICROBIAL  FERMENTATION. 

                                THUS  NATURAL  PRODUCTS  WILL  CONTINUE  TO BE  IMPORTANT IN THE THREE AREAS  OF DRUG DISCOVERY:
A) AS  ACTIVE  INGREDIENTS  USEFUL FOR  TREATMENT, USUALLY  DERIVED  FROM TRADITIONAL
SYSTEM  OF  MEDICINE .
B) AS  A  SOURCE OF  NEW LEAD  COMPOUNDS  OF  NOVEL CHEMICAL  STRUCTURES, USEFUL FOR  DRUG  DISCOVERY   .
C ) AS  TARGETS  OF  PRODUCTION BY  BIOTECHNOLOGY.
 THE  DISCOVERY  OF  NEW  CHEMICAL  STRUCTURES  WITH  BIOLOGICAL  ACTIVITY  LARGELY, DEPENDS  ON CHANCE, SERENDIPITY  AND  THEREFORE  SCREENING  OF  LARGE  NUMBER  OF  PRODUCTS – EITHER PURE   CHEMICAL  PRODUCTS  OR  PLANT EXTRACTS – ARE  NECESSARY.

ROUTES  TO  DRUG  DISCOVERY  FROM  NATURAL  PRODUCTS:
(A) ETHNOBOTANICAL  SOURCES: 
                                      OUR  ANCESTORS   LARGELY  DEPENDED  ON  PLANTS  TO  CURE  THEIR  ILLNESS.  SOME  OF  THESE  PLANTS   HAVE  REAL  BENEFICIAL  EFFECTS.  THEREFORE  THERE  IS  NEED TO  DOCUMENT   PLANT  USAGE  AND  ATTEMPT  TO  CONFIRM  THEIR  EFFICACY   REMAINS  AN URGENT  NECESSITY.   THE   KNOWLEDGE   OF   THE    INDIGENOUS   PEOPLE---PEOPLE  WHO  LIVE  IN  FOREST  CALLED    TRIBALS ---IS  UNWRITTEN  AND  PASSED  ON  FROM  GENERATION  TO  THE OTHER.  IT  IS  WORTH   WHILE  TO  CONCENTRATE ON CHINESE  TRADITIONAL  MEDICAL  PRODUCTS, PLANTS  USED  AS   AYURVEDIC  MEDICINES   IN  INDIA  AND  ALSO  TRADITIONAL  MEDICINES  USED BY  INDIGENOUS   PEOPLE  OF  INDIA – POPULARLY  CALLED  TRIBAL MEDICINES.

                         SOME  OF  THE  PLANTS  WHICH  YIELDED  ACTIVE  PRINCIPLES  FROM  MEDICINAL PLANTS   BASED  ON   TRADITIONAL  MEDICINE   ARE :

--- AN  AYURVEDIC  PLANT FROM  INDIA, MAKANDI (COLEUS FORSKOLII)  YIELDED FORSKOLIN. IT  HAS  ACTION  TO  ACTIVATE   ADENYLATE  CYCLASE  AND  HAS  POTENTIAL AS CARDIOTONIC AND  IN THE  TREATMENT  OF  GLAUCOMA.

--- A PLANT, HIMALANTHUS  NATANS  USED IN SAMOA ,TO  TREAT  VIRAL  DISEASES, YELLOW  FEVER YIELDED  AN  ACTIVE  PRINCIPLE  PHORBOL ESTER,  PROSTRATIN. IT  WAS FOUND TO HAVE  ANTI-HIV ACTIVITY.

---- LEAVES  OF  PREMNA SCHIMPERI   FROM  ETHIOPIA  YIELDED A DITERPENE – 12 – OXO – 10 BETA, 17 ALPHA, 19 ALPHA, 20 ALPHA – CLERODA – 3-BETA (16) -  DIEN – 15 – OIC ACID AS ACTIVE  PRINCIPLE. THIS  COMPOUND  HAS  ANTI BACTERIAL  ACTIVITY  AGAINST GRAM– POSITIVE  PATHOGENIC  BACTERIA. SUCCESSFUL EXAMPLES  OF THE  DISCOVERY OF  ACTIVE  NATURAL PRODUCTS  FROM  ETHNOBOTANICAL CONSIDERATIONS  ARE  MANY.
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BIOASSAY – GUIDED ISOLATION OF NATURAL PRODUCTS.

                             THE  EXPERIMENTAL  APPROACH  OF  SETTING  UP  BIOASSAYS  AND  SCREENING  LARGE NUMBER OF EXTRACTS (COMPOUNDS)  IS  FAVOURED  BY MANY  PHARMACEUTICAL  COMPANIES.  MANY  OF THESE  BIOASSAYS ARE  BASED ON  ENZYMES OR   ISOLATED CELL LINES .  IN  MOST  CASES THE  BIOASSAYS  ARE  AUTOMATED  WHEREIN  LARGE  NUMBER OF COMPOUNDS  EXTRACTS  COULD BE ASSAYED  IN  SHORT  TIME.

 SOME  SUCCESSFUL EXAMPLES ARE :

--- ISOLATION  OF  YUEHCHUKENE   AS  AN   ANTI-IMPLANTATION  COMPOUND   FROM MURRAYA  PANICULATA

--- FROM  THE  RESIN OF AN AFRICAN  SPECIES  COMMIPHORA,  A TRITERPENE  MANSUNBINONE  WAS  ISOLATED  WITH   ANTI-INFLAMMATORY  ACTIVITY.

CHEMOTAXONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS:
---FROM  MURRAYA   PANICULATA  YIELDED  YUEHCHUKENE,  AN  ALKALOID.
SINCE THE YIELD WAS  LOW, ALTHOUGH POTENT , SEVERAL  ALLIED  GENERA --GLYCOSMIS, CLAUSENA, MERRILLIA, MIORMELUM WERE  CHEMICALLY  EXAMINED WHICH  LED TO THE  IDENTIFICATION  OF  NEW  SOURCES  OF   YUEHCHUKENE.

PROGRAMM FOR FURTHER ACTION FOR THE  DISCOVERY OF NEW CHEMICAL  ENTITIES  FROM PLANTS

1. EXTRACTION  OF  CRUDE   PRODUCTS  FROM  PLANTS   FOUND  IN  THE  FOREST.
 SELECTION  OF  THE  PLANTS  IS  BASED  ON
A) THEIR  POPULARITY  IN  TRADITIONAL MEDICINE.
B) THEIR  POPULARITY  IN  TRIBAL  MEDICINE (PLANT  MEDICINES  USED  BY  TRIBALS UNWRITTEN, INFORMATION  BEING  TRANSMITTED  ORALLY   FROM  GENERATION    TO  GENERATION)
C) IF  RELATED  PLANT  SPECIES ARE   WELL KNOWN AS MEDICINAL AGENTS , THE OTHER SPECIES  BELONGING  TO  THE  SAME  GENERA  MAY  BE  EXAMINED.

2. EXTRACTION  OF  THE  DRIED PLANT MATERIAL  BY THE ACCEPTED  PROTOCOL  WHICH  INCLUDE  ONE  OF  THE  OPTIONS: 
A) HYDRO– ALCOHOLIC EXTRACTION (50% AQUEOUS - ETHYL ALCOHOL, COLD)
B) METHYLENE  CHLORIDE:  METHANOL (50 :50)  IN  COLD
C) COLD EXTRACTION  OF  THE  PLANT  MATERIAL  SUCCESSIVELY WITH  PETROLEUM   ETHER, CHLOROFORM  AND  METHANOL.
D) SAME  AS  ABOVE  BUT  HOT EXTRACTION.

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3. BIOASSAY  DIRECTED  CHROMATOGRAPHY  AND  ISOLATION  OF  ACTIVE  CONSTITUENTS
 

A) THE  EXTRACTS  WILL BE  SUBJECTED TO  A  SERIES  OF  BIOCHEMICAL AND  PHARMACOLOGICAL  ACTIVITY 
B) CHROMATOGRAPHY OF THE  PHYSIOLOGICALLY  ACTIVE   FRACTIONS,  ISOLATION  AND  STRUCTURE   DETERMINATION  OF  THE  ACTIVE  PRINCIPLES .
C) FURTHER  BIOLOGICAL  TESTING OF THE  ACTIVE  PRINCIPLES,  PREPARATION  OF ITS DERIVATIVES,   TAKING  THE  ACTIVE  PRINCIPLE AS THE LEAD  STRUCTURE.

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 SUCH A SYSTEMATIC STUDY BASED ON ETHNOBOTANICAL CONSIDERATIONS  MAY LEAD TO THE DISCOVERY OF NEW DRUGS FROM  PLANTS.
LIST OF THE PLANTS REPUTABLE  IN TRIBAL MEDICINE IN RAMPACHODAVARAM AND  MAREDUMILLI  FORESTS , ANDHRA PRADESH.
Medicinal uses claimed by tribals and the local names in Telugu are given below :

        NAMES OF THE PLANT                          MEDICINAL USE

1. Ougenia dalbergoides  :                Aqueous extract of the bark mixed with 
              (Vandanam)                                         turmeric for dysentery

2.   Sida aculeta    :                              Whole plant for nervous
 (Muttavva Pulagam)                           weakness.

3.  Lagerstromia parviflora  :               Leaf to cure boils.
 (Chennangi)

4. Zanthoxylum rhetesa   :                   non-conventional timber for furniture
 (Rachha)

5. Term`inalia alata   :                          Timber

6. Terminalia balerica   :                     Fruits for the treatment of Jaundice.
 (Thani)

7. Lonicera malabarica   :                     Aqueous extract of the bark to control 
              (Chedha Neredu)                                 motions, timber is resistant to termites –                                                                used as non-conventional timber. 
 

8. Bredelia retusa   :                                  Aqueous extract of the bark for stomach 
                      (Anem)                                        pain.

9. Evodia Lunn-ankenda   :                       Aqueous extract of the bark to improve
             (Bhutagari )                                 speech (to children who could not speak).
                                                                  Tribal belief is to wear bark fibre as
                                                        garland to those who are suffering from illness.
 

10. Flugia virosa    :                                 Fruits are eaten by birds.  Some people
                                                                          also eat.  Bark used to intoxicate fish
                                                                         (fish-Poison).  Reflects insecticidal 
                                                                         activity.  Bark is astringent.

11. Mallotus philippenis   :                          Fruit  coat yields very popular dye called
                (Pandrangi)                             Sindhur or kamala.  The dye is also used as
                                                               anthelmintic for children ,veterenary and 
                                                                         poultry.

12.  Solanum nigrum   :                                For  sugar  complaints, to treat diabetic.
                (Gajukura)

13.Asparagus racemous   :                                  Tubers as to treat general debility, as tonic   (Satavari,Pilli thegalu,)                             like Ginseng.

14. Andrographis paniculata  :                   Leaf, whole plant for jaundice, liver tonic 
                         (Nelavemu)                               and antihelmntic.

15. Centella asiatica   :                               Whole creeper to improve memory.
              (Saraswati,Gotu kola)

16. Rauwolfia serpentina   :                          To treat hypertension, Snake bite.
            (sarpagandhi, yerrasitram)

17. Eclipta alba    :                                    To treat liver malfunction and jaundice.
            (Guntagalakaraku)

18.Priva Leprostachya   :                             Whole plant to cure boils.
             (Nalla Uttareni)

19. Plumbago Zeylancia   :                        To improve digestion's; to treat skin 
            (Tella chitramulam)                               diseases

20.Cipadessa bacifera   :                               Fish-poison.  It is related to Azadirachta 
            (Karivepa, Pakiridhonda)                      indica;  may be used as insecticide

21.  Acacia Pinnata   :                                  Bark fiber as garland to children suffering 
 (korinta)                                                                      from woughing cough; stems as tooth 
                                                                          sticks. Bark powder in gunny sacks
                                                                       immersed in ponds and streams  is used
                                                                         to kill the fish.  The killed fish is edible (Fish -
                                                                          poison). The activity reflects insecticidal 
                                                                        activity.
 

22. Odina Wodier    :                                To wounds the bark powder is applied  to heal it.
    (Syn. Lannea Coramandelica) 
      (Gumpina)

23. Anogesisus latifolia   :                                  Small bark piece kept in mouth and 
             (Thirumanu)                                         chewed to surpress cough.

24. Costus speciosus   :                                       Tubers boiled and eaten to relieve from 
(Rajuladhumpa,   Bongaidhumpa)             cold.  Stem juice for earache.  Tubers
                                                             contain disosgenin, a starting material for birth
                                                              control  steroids.  A very valuable Plant.
 

25. Dalbergia lanceolara   :                       Tribals while collecting honey, chew the 
(Adavithenechettu)                                     leaf and the saliva  is rubbed all 
                                                                           over the body to avoid  bee-stings.  In 
                                                                           Indian system of medicine the leaf extract
                                                                           is used for arthritis (Joint pains)

26. Phyllanthus reticulata   :                      Whole plant is used in the treatment of jaundice 
             (Katiga)                                     The juice is used to stop the flow of 
                                                                 blood when there is cut (Blood coagulant).

27. Tinospora cordifolia   :                        Stems to treat malaria; to treat dysentery of
             (Thippatheega)                                      children.

28. Bryophylla species   :                          To  treat boils.
             (Ranaphala)

29. Hemidescus indicus   :                          Whole plant and  Stems as  tonic.
            (Sugandhapala)

30. Cisampelos pereira   :                              Diuretic.
             (Chiruboddhi)

31. Gnetum Ula    :                                    When the stems of this climber is cut, 
                                                                          watery extract comes  which is used by 
                                                                          tribals to surpress thirst.  The plant is
                                                                          endemic to this region.

32. Unidentified    :                                      To women  after delivery, food is served in 
           (puriti  aaku)                                            these leaves; may be having antibacterial
                                                                            properties.

33. Litsea decanensis   :                                     Bark powder as substitute to jiggat in 
            (Narmamidi)                                          Agarbattis.  The plant is endangered 
                                                                           because  the of de-barking of trees for 
                                                                           commercial purpose.

34. Ardisia solanacea   :                                 Tenders leaves are consumed to supress
            (kodimiti)                                                thirst.  Tender stems chewed to supress 
                                                                           cough.

35. Heynea trijuga:                                           Wood durable.  Closely related               (Mala)                                                                to neem .May have insecticidal activity.

36. Caesaria tomentosa   :                                    Fruits , fish-poison.
 

37. Raphidophora pertusa   :                           Leaf is widely used to wrap meat. May have 
            (Aatuku bacchali)                                             Preservative properties

38. Randia malabarica  :                                    Fish - poison; suggests insecticidal
             (Chepagutti)                                          properties

39. Stecularia Urens  :                                     Gum extracted by Girijans to sell 
            (Kovela, Tapasi)                                 commercially. Gum is used in textile industry 
                                                                      and  also   used in sweets and  bubble gum. 
 

40. Pavetta indica    :                                                   for jaundice.
            (Papidi)

41. Gardenia latifolia   :                                    Aqueous extract of the bark for stomach 
             (Kakkitam)                                           pains

42. Celastrus paniculata   :                                     Seed oil to improve memory.
            (Malaria Theega) 
Contact::: Srikanth@orgachemlab.com 

SOME OF THE PLANTS WHICH ARE WELL KNOWN AS MEDICINALS IN TRIBAL AREA BUT LACKS BOTANICAL IDENTIFICATION.
 

Botanical identification is necessary before the collection   of plants.

Paridhonda
Adavi tulasi
Galivana mokka
Aladhonda
Survey
Sarva-sugandhi
Buddaavva kura
Kasturi Dhumpa
Bogacchika
Adavi magachita
Budda kura
Tella jilledu
Konda pindikura 
Tella amudam
Tathrika mokka

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Chipuru gadda
Pala bacchali
Yerra chettu
Agakarra
Tella budara
Pala thiga
Maguva mathangi
Kamanchi, gajukura    (may be solanum species)
Adavi pippara
Katti mandhu
Chilaka thotakura
Paccha bottuaaku
Nela thadi
Parvataku
Nella Ummetta
Dhamalam
Rudrajada, Ocimum species
Thunga dhumpa
Chandra kantam
Muri pinda
Chinakala chandra
Anasa dhumpa
Kukka thulasi
Kamparodda
Yerra sitaphalam
Pakura gaddi
Mulla gorinta
Alli jilledu
Malleduthiya
Seema nepalam
Kasivinda    (may be cassia species)
Chinakala banda